Healthy gums. Protected smile.

Periodontal disease is an infection of the tissues supporting the teeth - gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It starts with bacterial plaque buildup that, if not removed, hardens into tartar. Bacteria cause inflammation (gingivitis) that can progress to periodontitis, destroying bone and potentially leading to tooth loss. It affects about 50% of adults over 30.

Symptoms include: red, swollen, or tender gums; bleeding when brushing or flossing; persistent bad breath (halitosis); gums pulling away from teeth (recession); teeth appearing longer; tooth sensitivity; loose or shifting teeth; change in bite; pus between teeth and gums. Important: periodontal disease can be silent in early stages, so regular check-ups are essential.

Gingivitis is the initial and reversible stage of the disease - it only affects the gums, causing inflammation, redness, and bleeding. There is no bone loss. With proper treatment (professional cleaning and good hygiene), gums fully recover. Periodontitis is the advanced stage - the infection extends below the gum line, destroying bone and supporting tissues. It forms periodontal pockets (spaces between tooth and gum) that accumulate more bacteria. Bone damage is irreversible, but treatment can stabilize the disease.

Scaling and root planing (SRP) is the standard non-surgical treatment for periodontal disease. Performed with local anesthesia, it consists of: scaling - removal of plaque and tartar above and below the gum line; root planing - smoothing root surfaces to remove bacterial toxins and allow the gum to reattach to the tooth. Usually done in 2-4 sessions, by quadrants. For early cases, it may be the only treatment needed.

Gingivitis (early stage) can be completely cured with proper treatment. Periodontitis (advanced stage) cannot be cured but can be controlled and stabilized. Lost bone does not regenerate naturally, but treatment can: stop disease progression; reduce pocket depth; in some cases, regenerative techniques can recover some lost bone. Long-term success depends on rigorous maintenance - regular visits and impeccable oral hygiene.

PRF (Platelet-Rich Fibrin) is a regenerative therapy that uses growth factors from your own blood to accelerate healing after periodontal surgery. It is particularly valuable in guided bone regeneration, gum grafting procedures, and surgical pocket reduction. The PRF membrane acts as a natural biological scaffold that promotes bone and soft tissue regeneration, reduces post-operative pain and swelling, and can improve treatment outcomes. Since PRF is 100% autologous (from your own body), there is no risk of allergic reactions or rejection.

Major risk factors include: smoking (the biggest modifiable risk factor); poorly controlled diabetes; genetics/family history; chronic stress; medications that reduce saliva; hormonal changes (pregnancy, menopause); poor oral hygiene; nutrient-poor diet; diseases affecting the immune system; teeth grinding (bruxism); crowded or misaligned teeth that make cleaning difficult.

Yes, studies show important associations. People with periodontal disease have 2-3 times higher risk of heart attack and stroke. Chronic gum inflammation can contribute to cardiovascular diseases. There is a bidirectional relationship with diabetes - each worsens the other. Other associations include: rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, pregnancy complications (premature birth, low birth weight), and respiratory diseases. Treating periodontal disease may improve control of other conditions.

Gum recession occurs when the gum pulls away from the teeth, exposing the root. Causes include: aggressive brushing, periodontal disease, bruxism, genetics, or orthodontics. Treatment depends on cause and severity: mild cases can be managed with changes in brushing technique and monitoring; moderate to severe cases may need gum graft (tissue transplant from palate) or pinhole technique (minimally invasive procedure without cuts). Gums do not naturally regrow once lost.

With modern techniques and adequate anesthesia, periodontal treatment is generally well tolerated. Deep scaling is done with local anesthesia, so you feel no pain during the procedure. After treatment, there may be sensitivity in teeth and gums for a few days to a week. This sensitivity is normal and progressively decreases. We recommend analgesics if needed and warm salt water rinses. Minimally invasive techniques, like pinhole technique and GBT therapy, cause even less discomfort.

Frequency depends on disease severity and response to treatment. Generally, patients with a history of periodontal disease need maintenance appointments every 3-4 months, instead of standard semi-annual cleanings. These appointments include: periodontal pocket measurement; removal of plaque and tartar above and below the gum; oral hygiene evaluation; treatment plan adjustments. Regular maintenance is essential to prevent disease reactivation.

Healthy gums should not bleed. If they bleed when brushing, even with good technique, it may indicate: developing gingivitis or periodontitis; overly aggressive brushing technique; hard-bristled brush; incorrect flossing; hormonal changes (pregnancy, menstruation); certain medications (anticoagulants); nutritional deficiencies. Persistent bleeding should always be evaluated by a professional. Do not stop brushing or flossing because of bleeding - this worsens the situation.

Home prevention is essential: brush teeth 2 times a day with fluoride toothpaste, for 2 minutes, using gentle circular motions; use dental floss daily to clean between teeth; consider using interdental brushes; use an antibacterial mouthwash if recommended; do not smoke - it is the biggest modifiable risk factor; maintain a balanced diet rich in vitamins C and D; manage stress; if you grind your teeth, use a night guard; have regular check-ups (at least twice a year).